The relation of Russian and the United State
Research paper supervisor:Dr.Seku Conde
Minzu University of China
2007-2008 Academic Year
Abstract
The relation of Russian and the United States has always been the impact on the international political situation in the important factors. Cuban missile crisis to the EU and the U.S. missile policy is focused on Russian-US relations, the two typical incidents. Although these two incidents are the Russian-US relations deteriorated when the concentrated expression, but the incident did not result in the development of the situation even worse. This fully shows that the world is the general trend of peace and development, which is decided by a multi-polar world pattern.
Key words: CUBA missile crisis; US missile in Eastern Europe ; NATO; Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
1. Introduction
1.1 the Process of The Cuba Missile Crisis
CUBA missile crisis and US missile in Eastern Europe embody the two different periods of history the world's political forces in comparison after the Second World War.
The Cuba Missile Crisis had almost solicited a nuclear war. It was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war. The United States armed forces were at their highest state of readiness ever and Soviet field commanders in Cuba were prepared to use battlefield nuclear weapons to defend the island if it was invaded. Luckily, thanks to the bravery of two men, President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev, war was averted.
In 1962, the Soviet Union was desperately behind the United States in the arms race. Soviet missiles were only powerful enough to be launched against Europe but US missiles were capable of striking the entire Soviet Union . In late April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range missiles in Cuba . A deployment in Cuba would double the Soviet strategic arsenal and provide a real deterrent to a potential U.S. attack against the Soviet Union .
Meanwhile, Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend his island nation from an attack by the U.S. Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, Castro felt a second attack was inevitable. Consequently, he approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the island. In the summer of 1962 the Soviet Union worked quickly and secretly to build its missile installations in Cuba .
For the United States , the crisis began on October 15, 1962 when reconnaissance revealed Soviet missiles under construction in Cuba . Early the next day, President John Kennedy was informed of the missile installations. Kennedy immediately organized the EX-COMM, a group of his twelve most important advisors to handle the crisis. After seven days of guarded and intense debate within the upper echelons of government, Kennedy concluded to impose a naval quarantine around Cuba . He wished to prevent the arrival of more Soviet offensive weapons on the island. On October 22, Kennedy announced the discovery of the missile installations to the public and his decision to quarantine the island. He also proclaimed that any nuclear missile launched from Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the United States by the Soviet Union and demanded that the Soviets remove all of their offensive weapons from Cuba .
During the public phase of the Crisis, tensions began to build on both sides. Kennedy eventually ordered low-level reconnaissance missions once every two hours. On the 25th Kennedy pulled the quarantine line back and raised military readiness to DEFCON 2. Then on the 26th EX-COMM heard Khrushchev was in an impassioned letter. He proposed removing Soviet missiles and personnel if the U.S. would guarantee not to invade Cuba . October 27 was the worst day of the crisis. A U-2 was shot down over Cuba and EX-COMM received a second letter from Khrushchev demanding the removal of U.S. missiles in Turkey in exchange for Soviet missiles in Cuba . Attorney General Robert Kennedy suggested ignoring the second letter and contacted Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin to tell him of the U.S. agreement with the first.
Tensions finally began to ease on October 28 when Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the installations and return the missiles to the Soviet Union, expressing his trust that the United States would not invade Cuba . Further negotiations were held to implement the October 28 agreement, including a United States demand that Soviet light bombers be removed from Cuba, and specifying the exact form and conditions of United States assurances not to invade Cuba.
1.2 US missile in Eastern Europe
May 26, 1972, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev with visiting U.S. President Richard Nixon signed in Moscow "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty." A total of 16 of the Treaty, one of the major provisions are: anti-ballistic missile system is "to intercept the flight path of strategic ballistic missiles or their components of the system," including anti-ballistic missile interceptor missiles, anti-ballistic missile launch And anti-ballistic missile radar; only allows the two sides in accordance with the regulations in their respective capitals around the ground floor and an intercontinental ballistic missile silos around the establishment of a limited anti-ballistic missile system. Treaty also provides that "the two sides do not guarantee the development, testing or deployment of a sea, air, space-based and mobile land-based ABM systems or their components" and "the duration of the treaty should not be limited," but "every To have the right to withdraw from this Treaty if it finds that the treaty with the theme of the extraordinary events have been endangering their own best interests of the words. ”, since the treaty on October 3, 1972 with effect.
July 1974, Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow also signed a "US-defense system on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Protocol," the two sides can only be provided in the country or around the capital in an intercontinental missile launch bases around the establishment of a Anti-missile system.
"Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty" has been seen as the cornerstone of global strategic stability. There are currently 32 international disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation treaty and linked to this treaty.
In recent years, has the world's largest nuclear arsenal and the most advanced conventional arsenals in the United States, repeatedly asked Russia to agree to revise the "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty" and ignoring the relevant provisions of the treaty and accelerate the research, development and preparations for the deployment of national missile defense system, seeking to further Occupy the ground and in space absolute strategic advantage. March 1999, the United States Congress passed a deployment of a national missile defense system the bill. 2001, at the beginning of the Bush Administration took office, it has repeatedly striking that the United States will develop and deploy a national missile defense system, and on many occasions that if the "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty" not to amend the U.S. may withdraw from the treaty. August 23, President Bush also announced that the "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty" to prohibit the U.S. development of missile defense systems, impede the United States of "maintaining peace" capacity development, the United States will follow its own timetable, in the view that a convenient time to withdraw from the Treaty. In "September 11" incident in 2001, the Bush administration took greater emphasis on the establishment of a national missile defense system importance and urgency of the claim that this will protect the United States and its allies from missile attacks, including the various forms of terrorist attacks.
Russia has strongly opposed the U.S. practice, and repeatedly warned the United States will not withdraw from the "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty." Most of the world's countries and even some U.S. NATO allies are also opposed to the U.S. withdrawal from the "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty." November 2, 2001, the 56th UN General Assembly First Committee with 80 votes in favour and three votes against the overwhelming majority a draft resolution entitled "Preservation of and compliance with <Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty>" of the resolution. This is the third consecutive year the UN General Assembly First Committee by an overwhelming majority of the voting results through the "Preservation of and compliance with <Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty>" of the resolution.
December 13, 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush in the White House formally announced its withdrawal from the Soviet Union in 1972 signed the "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty." Under the provisions of the Treaty, Bush's decision will be in six months after the entry into force. This will be the first time in modern history the United States to withdraw from key international agreements.
US missile in Eastern Europe refers to the narrow concept of the Missile Defense Agency including the GMD (Ground-based Midcourse Defense) system which is well knew and the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense system--- a sea-based system.
While the United States has been working intermittently on some sort of missile defense for decades, its current incarnation can be traced back to efforts started in 1983 during the Ronald Reagan administration. The Bush administration has been a strong supporter of missile defense from the beginning. His first secretary of defense, Donald Rumsfeld, chaired a powerful commission in 1997 that warned of what it considered to be impending missile threats. Within a year of being Bush’s secretary of defense, Rumsfeld had reorganized the [...]
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