Research paper supervisor:Dr.Seku Conde
Minzu University of China
2007-2008 Academic Year
 
The relationships between china and socialist countries, in fact, are relations that China contacts with china –communist countries. They all use action to prove the achievements of Marx's theory of socialism. In the process of fulfilling its theoretical achievements in the light of each own condition, there are not only mutual helps and interdependence between them, but also cooperation and reciprocity and more conflict. Even they confront the pressure of “West world”, which is dominated by American.
It is 87 years since China have accepted Marx's theory of socialism and have put it into practice. The relationship between china –communist countries can also be divided into three phases of this interaction process in these years. Namely, the first phase is from 1921 to 1949, it explains how the Communist Party of China sprouted, developed, grew, and even had the strength to establish its political power under the help of Russia. The second phase is from 1949 to 1989, it discusses the relationship of the socialist countries, especially of Soviet Union which is the leader of the socialist bloc. The third phase is from 1989 to 2008, it elaborates the relationship between the only a few socialist countries after the changes in the world, which is the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
 
1) China was nearly full depended on Soviet Union (1921-1949）
Underling the help of Soviet Union, Communist Party of China (CPC) established the People’s Republic of China. Through analyzing the history of the establishment of CPC, we could know that China nearly full depended on Soviet Union at this period.
Founding of CPC showed that CPC initiated the beginning to accept the friendly assistant from outside. The Communist party of Soviet Union which was lead by Lenin founded the political power in 1917 as the October Revolution breaking out; the first socialist country was born in the word. CPC was founded according the tide of the history in1921 and grew up increasingly. At the beginning stage of CPC, Soviet Union and International Communist Party gave their selfless support to CPC.
Sometimes, it was not a good idea to completely copy others. The CPC incurred failure when copying the model of Russia revolution. At the starting of Chinese revolution, CPC made many mistakes as the Wang Ming was the leader of it. At that time, most of the top leaders of CPC had the background of oversea learning, mainly studying in Russia. They copied the model of Russia revolution without abiding by the reality of China, So CPC suffered heavy casualties from the Kuomintang (KMT) government (Republic of China) which was led by Chiang Kaishek and mainly supported by U.S.
Only if from pure copy others struggling model to forming its own model, could one be increasingly mature. Though the failure, CPC got the lesson and experience. They elected new leader, Mao Tse-Tung, to direct the CPC after the Zunyi Meeting in 1935. CPC experienced “the Long March” and carried out the new revolution policy which was “struggling from rural area to city “.They refused some policies which were provided by the Communist Party of Soviet Union and International Communist Party and laid down the road of revolution which was suited its own according the reality. So CPC defeated KMT and made the success of revolution
Establishing New China of CPC got the help of Soviet Union, while underwent the pressure of America, the No.1 of the West bloc. On February 4, 1949, the policy to China of America claimed by President Harry S. Truman:” it will keep the flexibility of facing Chinese policy, and avoid chaining into one administrative route and one party. China should follow other region to China when considering the sequence.”[①]
Thank to the “containment” of America, China only full depended on Soviet Union to sprout, develop, grow, and even had the strength to establish its political power.
 
2)China was from full dependent on Soviet Union to the semi-independent on Soviet Union and went toward independent（1949-1989）
Although CPC was strong after 28 yeas struggling and made the victory of the revolution, but they lacked experience in socialist construction with Marx's theory, they had to continue to study from Soviet Union and the Soviet Communist Party and to obtain Stalin's guidance and help, in addition, the West bloc which was dominated by American had malicious intentions to divide the socialist countries. Because of the situation of that time, China had to from full depend on Soviet Union before 1949 to semi-depend on Soviet Union at 1950s, go toward independent at 1960s, and obtain the full independent at last.
a) Main diplomatic policy
Since People’s Republic of China had founded on October 1, 1949, it begun to purse the independent diplomatic policy which was the rudiment of Chinese diplomacy, i.e. “the Five Principle of Peaceful Coexistence”. This fundamental diplomatic policy was put forward by Premier Zhou enlai on December 31, 1953 when receiving the deputation of India. It was the sole of Chinese contact with other countries, whenever the social system and ideology.
At the same time; China practiced three main diplomatic policies to maintain the relation with socialist camp and other countries, especially to Soviet Union, the leader of the socialist camp and the important neighbor of north China.
These three main diplomatic policies respectively were the “standing by one side”, “inviting the guests after sweeping the house”, and “reopening a new cooking stove”. These foreign policies clearly answered the issues after the birth of New China. That was, how to proceed with the establishment of its diplomatic relations; how to deal with the relations of United States and other imperialist, and how to treat the Soviet Union and Eastern European socialist countries. It was in accordance with the reality at that time, and embodied the fundamental interests of China about how to achieve the aim which was country's full independence and maintaining of world peace.
The meaning of” Standing by one side” was brilliantly explained by Mao Tse-Tung, the first chairman of New China. “Standing by one side”, he said, is the experiment and the lesson which is summarized by 40 years of Sun Yatsen and 28 years of CPC. We deeply know that if we want to get the victory and strengthen the victory, we must stand by one side. Chinese people either choose to the road of imperialism, or choose to the road of socialism, there is no third way. We not only oppose the bang of Chiang Kaishek which is on behalf of the imperialism, but also the illusion of the third road.”
The” standing by one side” diplomatic policy was that China decided to support the Soviet Union camp, which represented peace and democracy in that time, while against the policy of invader and war which was implemented by imperialism, so China could safeguard the world peace and promote the progress of human being.[②]
“Inviting the guests after sweeping the houses”, Chairman Mao also gave it a specific explication:” our country is too dirty if we look it as a family. there are firewood, garbage, dust, fleas, bedbugs, lice and so on, After the liberation (1949), we need to clean up our house, from inside to outside, from all corners of the house to its windows and doors. We must sweep out the dirty from it and have a tidying, clean, and order of all things, then we will invite the guests come in our room.”
The so-called “reopen a new cooking stove” is to cut the link of China's diplomatic history of humiliation which is nearly maintain a hundred years old. The People’s Republic of China does not recognize any diplomatic relations of foreign governments which are established of the KMT government. It must establish a new diplomatic relations basing on the new conditions[③]
b) Semi-depending on Soviet Union
According to these three main diplomatic policy, China and Soviet Union use action to prove the achievements of Marx's theory of socialism. In the process of fulfilling its theoretical achievements in the light of each own condition, there are not only mutual helps and interdependence between them, but also cooperation and reciprocity and more conflict. It may be divided three periods when china contacted with Soviet Union from 1949 to 1989.
First, it was the “honeymoon period” with Soviet Union at 1950s. In some sense, this “honeymoon period”, in fact, was a result which was from full dependence on the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet Union which New China closely followed to semi-dependence on it.
December 1949 to February 1950, the new leader of Chinese Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, and Premier Zhou Enlai went to visit the Soviet Union, and talked with Soviet leader Stalin, the follower of Lenin. Meanwhile, the both parties involved signed a serials agreement which benefited to each other and established a formal alliance, such as the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance Mutual Aid", "on Changchun Railway, Lushunkou and Dalian agreement of China". Since then, bilateral economic and trade relations of two sides had developed rapidly. Soviet Union gave a [...]

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