WangXiaohong (?????/span>)
Student ID :S06247
Research Paper Superviser : Dr. Sekou Conde 
 Minzhu University of China 
 2006-2007 Academic Year 
 
Abstract, aIn recent years, The green barrier development is extremely swift.It is a kind of trade protectionsim in basic.It has a great influence on China both advantage and disadvantage.However,China has taken up the challenge to improve its own agricultural structure.Taking countermeasure to surmount the green barrier.  
 
key words,  green barrier  trade protectionism advantage  disadvantage countermeasures
 
In recent years, The green barrier development is extremely swift ,and gradually become the main barrier of the international trade .It also influences China's foreign trade deeply. Therefore,it is nesesary for us to strengthen its development tendency research.we should grasp its trendency and adopt countermeasure promptly. Thus we can alleviate its negative influence to our country’s foreign trade development.
 
Part 1  The difinition and forms of green barrier
The green barrier also calls environment barrier. Import countries take the protection of environment ,natural resource ,health of human,animal and plant as the reason in order to limit import. By enacting varied environmental legislation, establishing a strict technical standards for the environment, enacting varies inspection procedures and many other ways ,import countries set barriers on import products. Its essence is trade protectionism. [ChenYongxiang 2005(5):30-32]
The forms of green barriers mainly are green tariff system, market access system, green technical standards system,and green signs system etc.It is a new kind of NTB(non-tariff barrier),stifling our countriy’s export.
Currently,three kinds of green barriers are often used on international trade.First,green tariff ,also known as environmental import surcharges,in the name of protect the environment.Secondly,green technolongy standards,by means of legislation enact harsh mandatory technical standards for environmental protection to restrict or prohibit imports of foreign goods. Third,green quarantine ,Some countries enact strict hygienic quarantine standard, particularly for food pesticide residues ,radioactive substances residues, heavy metal content ect. Fourth, mandatory measures , general on the grounds of Production environment ,methods and processes of imports products, do not conform to their environmental requirements. Fifth,environmental trade sanctions. States take mandatory import measures to another states,taking violate the international environment treaty as the reason. Six is the environment permit system.,environment quota and otherforms.                   

Indeed, the environment barrier has its own rationality . It takes the Earth’s ecological environment, natural environment and human health protection as the goal, taking a series of international resources environmental protectionjoint pledge, tagreement, standard as the basis. It requests ecological environment protection. That undoubtedly will help to restrain the deterioration of the global environment and resources waste tendency, and also solve the worldwide difficult problem of the disharmony development of natural and human, conform to the trendency of world development.
   However, analying the causes of environmental barriers , it can be divided into two areas.On the one hand, objectively speaking, the environment and international trade development truly have uncoordinated place. On the other hand, Subjectively , Some countries often  influence other countries’ comparative advantages display through environmental regulations and policy formulation.The environment frequently becomes the condition that some countries limit the other countries.For instanse, some domestic exports of goods, a considerable number of which are caused by environmental barriers.The new trade protectionism often expresses that environmental standards on imported products have implied sexual discrimination and "dual nature" of environmental standards in some countries. The manufacturer standard to other countries are more strict  than their own companies.
Its concerning domains are more widespread and systematic compared with other non-tariff barriers; its way of implementation is more disguise and flexible; its functional effect has the cover of validity ; its implementation process always causes disputes, and its functional result has both the advantages and disadvantages.
 
Part 2  The inherent link among green trade measures, green barrier and sustainable trade.
First of all,the objective necessity of green measures. Green measures are natural product of social and economic development to a certain stage , and the inevitable choice of human awareness of environmental issues.And the implementation of green measures, in turn, promotes the socio-economic development, eases the deterioration of the global environment effectively. Green trade measures play an import part in people’s living  standard. The implementation of various green standards can enhance the resources disposition efficiency in global scope. Similarly, green measures promote the innovation of enterprises.
Green measures speed up the elimination of enterprises which technology and management fall behind  and  difficult to adapt to the high standards.
Green measures conducive to the country's industrial structure adjustment and realize resources optimized disposition in enterprise. This will compel those pollution-intensive products export-oriented country to adjust their development strategy gradually. Then their focus of the development will transfer to high technology content, low pollution, low energy consumption industries in China.
 
Association and distinction between green measures and green barriers.Above all, from the formation view, both inseparable with global nature and environmental concerns. Next, looked from the implementation process view,both have to develop some green standards related to environmental resources and human health. The last, from the implementation result, they possibly reduce the import quantity.Because green measures, ultimately is for the purpose of trade protection[1].
  However green barrier does not equall to green measures. The two has essentially difference.First, their goals are basically different. Green measures is for the sustainable trade, realization of coordinated development between trade and natural environment. But the green barrier is for the purpose of import limitition through disguised as formtrade protection. The green measure implementation conforms to the WTO sustainabledevelopment objective. Instead,green barriers distort free trade seriously.
   The scientific content of sustainable trade. The content of sustainable trade includes four aspects.First, sustainable trade goal is to harmonize trade and environmental protection relations.Second, sustainable trade emphasize fair.Third, sustainable trade reflect open, fair, non-discriminatory principles of international trade.The last, sustainable trade is the key to different countries, particularly the developing countries economies to achieve coordinated development.
 
Part 3  The influence of green barriers on China's agricultural product exports
China is the biggest developing country in the world. Increasingly formidable non-tariff barriers placed by import countries have created a pressure on China's farm produce exports even with the lowering of tariffs after China's entrence into the WTO. Because of the environmental barriers built by developed countries, we have already paid a very heavy price. Meanwhile, developed countries have already reached a certain degree of recognition about environmental barriers. In the future international trade protectionism will use more of the environmental protection, taking more subtle environmental control measures, erecting obstacles to boycott foreign goods imports. This impact China export seriousiy,and will surely be more in-depth and involved in many of our traditional export products, such as agricultural products, textiles, machinery and electronic products, and other fields.
 
    From the analysis of the green barrier definition.We can see that green barrer has advantage and disadvantage.
  On the one hand, in the near future green barriers will be able to have the certain impact on China agricultural product exports. According to figures from United Nations organizations, in 2002, China's, 7.4 billion U.S. dollars exports including agricultural products blocked by the Green Barrier. In 2004, China's agricultural product trade changed into deficit from surplus, which is also caused by Green Barrier originaliy. China's tea exports to the European Union dropped by 37 percent last year on an annual basis, which was principally attributed to intensified import criteria—examination categories soared from six to 62 after November last year. 7.4 billion U.S. dollars of exports from China covering agriculture and other industries were stifled by the growing green barrier annually[2].
  It had big impact on agricultural exports in Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong Province.In a certain extent, producers will have a negative impact. Meanwhile, As to the importing country's standards for accreditation requires a lot of cost.That will largely cut China's labor-intensive advantages and reduce our agricultural products competition in the international market.
  On the other hand, as the reasonable factors of green barriers will not disappear in the near future, experts assert "Let trade donned green uniform" has beening the trend of the times. The future of international trade negotiations will be "green Round". Such a trend will prompt China to the standardization of agricultural production , and enhance the producer awareness of environmental protection. It will promote the environmental protection in a certain degree.,from a long-term perspective to improve the competitiveness of agricultural products.
 
Part 4  Chinese agricultural product inferiority analysis
The development mechanism of green agricultural hasn’t been formed. Peasants must adopt green or pollution-free production in the process of production,get rid of the excessive use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and additives such as inorganic elements of modern production methods.This  is the key that China agricultural product could oversteps the green barrier.
 Currently, the majority of China's agriculture is still extensive operated, the existence of the majority of agricultural products of poor quality, low technology content, in the market circulation of agricultural products has a           structural problem of excess. China is facing that market will be opened up including wheat, citrus, corn and other agricultural products, the backward agriculture production method will face advanced foreign impact. [ HuangGuoxiang 2006, 34( 2) : 344- 345]
Of course, China's agricultural products still exist in many other issues. The production, [...]

If you want to read the full article, you need to ask for permission from Sekou ( ). If you have the permission, you can login now.